The Class 12th Economics Syllabus 2025-26 plays a crucial role in shaping your understanding of national and global economic issues. It is divided into two main parts – Introductory Macroeconomics and Indian Economic Development – along with project work.
This syllabus strengthens your analytical skills, prepares you for higher studies, and is highly useful for competitive exams.
We will provide the complete syllabus of Class 12th Economics for CBSE and NCERT, including unit-wise topics, marks distribution, prescribed books, exam pattern, and preparation tips. With the right approach, you can easily master economics and score well in board exams.
Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025-26: Overview
Find the quick overview of CBSE class 12th economics syllabus:
| Part / Units | Topics Covered | Marks |
| Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics | 40 | |
| Unit 1 | National Income and Related Aggregates – concepts, methods, GDP, NDP, GNP, welfare | 10 |
| Unit 2 | Money and Banking – functions of money, supply, credit creation, RBI functions | 6 |
| Unit 3 | Determination of Income and Employment – AD, AS, multiplier, equilibrium, unemployment | 12 |
| Unit 4 | Government Budget and the Economy – receipts, expenditure, deficits | 6 |
| Unit 5 | Balance of Payments – meaning, components, exchange rate, types | 6 |
| Part B: Indian Economic Development | 40 | |
| Unit 6 | Development Experience (1947–90) and Economic Reforms since 1991 | 12 |
| Unit 7 | Current Challenges facing Indian Economy – human capital, rural development, employment, sustainable development | 20 |
| Unit 8 | Development Experience of India – A Comparison with Neighbours (China & Pakistan) | 8 |
| Part C: Project Work | One project on an economic issue, with viva-voce | 20 |
Total: 100 Marks (Theory 80 + Project 20)
Download Class 12th Economics Syllabus PDF
Download the complete Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025–26 PDF for easy reference and detailed study.
Class 12th Economics Syllabus (Part A)
Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics (40 Marks)
Part A of the class 12th economics syllabus covers Introductory Macroeconomics. It focuses on the economy as a whole and introduces key concepts such as national income, money, banking, income determination, government budget, and balance of payments.
You will learn how economies function, how policies affect growth, employment, inflation, and trade. This part of the syllabus of class 12th economics in CBSE provides a foundation for understanding India’s macroeconomic structure and also helps in competitive exams like CUET, UPSC, and commerce-related courses.
It carries 40 marks and requires both conceptual clarity and numerical application.
Units in Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics:
| Unit | Topics Covered | Marks |
| Unit 1: National Income and Related Aggregates | Concepts of goodsStocks & flowsCircular flowMethods of calculating national income (value added, expenditure, income) GDPNDPGNPReal vs. nominal GDP GDP deflatorGDP and welfare | 10 |
| Unit 2: Money and Banking | Money – meaning and functions Supply of moneyCredit creation by commercial banks Role of RBI – bank of issue Government’s bankBanker’s bankCredit control (CRR, SLR, repo, reverse repo, OMO, bank rate) | 6 |
| Unit 3: Determination of Income and Employment | Aggregate demand & supplyComponents of AD Multiplier effect Short-run equilibriumFull & involuntary unemployment Excess demand and deficient demand with corrective measures | 12 |
| Unit 4: Government Budget and the Economy | Meaning, objectives, components of budgetRevenue & capital receipts Revenue & capital expenditure Types of budget Fiscal deficit Primary deficit Budget deficit | 6 |
| Unit 5: Balance of Payments | Meaning, structure of BoP accountCurrent & capital accountSurplus & deficitForeign exchange rate Fixed vs. flexible exchange rates Managed floatingDetermination of exchange rate | 6 |
Class 12th Economics Syllabus (Part B)
Part B: Indian Economic Development (40 Marks)
Part B of the class 12 economics syllabus deals with Indian Economic Development. It focuses on India’s economic journey from independence to reforms and current challenges. Students explore agriculture, industry, planning, liberalisation, poverty, human capital, rural development, employment, environment, and sustainable growth.
Comparative analysis with countries like China and Pakistan makes the syllabus practical and globally relevant. This part of the syllabus of class 12th economics in CBSE gives students a real-world understanding of the Indian economy and its development process.
| Unit | Topics Covered | Marks |
| Unit 6: Development Experience (1947–90) and Economic Reforms since 1991 | State of Indian economy at independence, Five year plans, agriculture, industries, foreign trade, 1991 LPG reforms, GST, demonetization | 12 |
| Unit 7: Current Challenges facing Indian Economy | Human capital formation (role of education & health),Rural development (credit, marketing, diversification, organic farming)Employment (formal & informal sectors) Sustainable development (resources, environment, global warming) | 20 |
| Unit 8: Development Experience of India – A Comparison with Neighbours | India vs. China & Pakistan on growth, population, sectoral contribution, human development indicators | 8 |
More Important Resources for CBSE Exam:
| CBSE Board: All details | CBSE Class 11 Commerce Subjects |
| CBSE Full Form | All about CBSE Class 11th |
| Class 11th Hornbill Syllabus |
Class 11 Economics Syllabus (Part C)
Part C: Project Work (20 Marks)
Part C of the class 12th economics syllabus for CBSE focuses on project work, which helps students apply theory to real-world situations. Each student has to complete one project (3,500–4,000 words), preferably handwritten. Topics are based on current economic issues, policies, or trends.
The project encourages research, data collection, analysis, and presentation skills. It is evaluated through written work and a viva-voce, ensuring students gain practical exposure. This part of the syllabus enhances communication, analytical skills, and critical thinking.
Project Work Components and Marks:
| Component | Details | Marks |
| Relevance of Topic | Selection of relevant, practical issue | 3 |
| Knowledge & Research Work | Depth of content, data collection, logical analysis | 6 |
| Presentation Technique | Organization, clarity, graphs, charts | 3 |
| Viva-Voce | Oral explanation and understanding of project | 8 |
| Total | — | 20 |
Class 12 Economics Syllabus: Question Paper Design
| Competency/Skill | Description | Marks | Weightage |
| Remembering & Understanding | Recall facts, terms, definitions, and concepts; demonstrate understanding through explanation, comparison, and interpretation | 32 | 40% |
| Applying | Solve problems, interpret data, and apply knowledge in new situations | 24 | 30% |
| Analysing, Evaluating & Creating | Break information into parts, draw inferences, present opinions, suggest solutions, compile information creatively | 24 | 30% |
| Total | — | 80 | 100% |
- Exam Duration: 3 Hours
- Internal Assessment (Project Work): 20 Marks
- Grand Total: 100 Marks
Prescribed Books for CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus
- Macroeconomics – NCERT
- Indian Economic Development – NCERT
Note: All these books are also available in Hindi medium
Suggested Project Topics for CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus
- Micro and Small-Scale Industries in India
- Contemporary Employment Situation in India
- Disinvestment Policy of the Government
- GST and its Impact on GDP
- Role of RBI in Credit Control
- Government Budget & Its Components (latest trends)
- Human Development Index – India’s Position Globally
- Trends in Credit Availability in India
- Digital India – Step Towards the Future
- Cashless Economy – Growth and Challenges
- Waste Management in India – Economic Perspective
- Minimum Wage Rate – Issues and Applications
- Comparative Study of Economies: India, China, and Pakistan
- Role of Livestock in Rural Economy
- Impact of Demonetisation on Indian Economy
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) – India’s Progress
- G-20 and India’s Inclusive Economic Role
- Rise of Organic Farming in India
- Impact of Climate Change on Indian Economy
- Sri Lanka’s Economic Crisis – Lessons for India
Read the chapter-wise summaries of Class 11 English here:
Tips to Prepare Class XII Economics Syllabus 2025-26
1. Master the Basics First
Start with a clear understanding of core concepts like national income, money, demand-supply, and reforms. Strong basics will help you connect advanced topics in the class 12th economics syllabus with ease.
2. Learn Diagrams and Graphs Thoroughly
Economics answers often require neat, well-labeled diagrams such as AD-AS curves, PPC, and cost curves. Practice them regularly because they make explanations stronger and help you score easy marks in the board exam.
3. Practice Numerical Questions Daily
The syllabus of class 12th economics in CBSE includes numericals on national income, elasticity, and index numbers. Solving them regularly improves accuracy, builds confidence, and ensures you manage time effectively during exams.
4. Read NCERT Books Line by Line
Stick to NCERT textbooks prescribed by CBSE. They cover the entire syllabus of economics subject for class 12th. Highlight definitions, make short notes, and don’t rely heavily on side books or guides.
5. Connect Topics with Current Affairs
Link concepts like GDP, budget, inflation, and employment with real-world data and news. Using current examples in answers makes your writing more impressive and shows deeper understanding of economic realities.
6. Prepare Short Notes for Revision
Summarize every chapter with key formulas, concepts, and definitions in your own words. These notes will act as quick revision tools before exams and help you remember important points without re-reading entire chapters.
7. Solve Sample Papers and PYQs
Practice CBSE sample papers and previous year question papers to get used to exam-style questions. This helps in time management, improves writing speed, and prepares you for both short and long answer questions.
8. Take Project Work Seriously
The project carries 20 marks and is a scoring component of the class 12th economics syllabus. Choose a practical topic, present data neatly, and be confident during viva-voce to secure full marks.
Objectives of Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025-26
The class 12th economics syllabus is designed to provide both theoretical and practical knowledge of India’s economy and global economic concepts. The main objectives are:
- Understanding Core Macroeconomic Concepts: Develop clarity about national income, money, banking, employment, government budget, and balance of payments.
- Studying India’s Economic Development: Learn about India’s economic journey since independence, reforms of 1991, and current challenges like poverty, employment, and sustainable development.
- Applying Economics in Daily Life: Enable students to use economic reasoning in decision-making as citizens, workers, and consumers.
- Developing Analytical and Research Skills: Strengthen the ability to interpret data, analyze policies, and draw logical conclusions using statistics and economic theories.
- Exploring Multiple Perspectives: Understand that economic issues may have more than one valid viewpoint and learn to argue logically with reasoning.
- Building a Foundation for Higher Studies: Prepare students for advanced courses in economics, commerce, management, and competitive exams.
- Enhancing Practical Knowledge through Projects: Provide opportunities to research, collect data, analyze, and present findings through project work, improving presentation and communication skills.
Find detailed questions and answers from all chapters of English Class 11 now:
FAQs About Class 12th Economics Syllabus
There are 8 units in total – 5 in Macroeconomics and 3 in Indian Economic Development, plus project work.
The syllabus of economics subject for Class 12th includes Macroeconomics, Indian Economic Development, and CBSE Supplementary Reading Material.
No, statistics is part of Class 11 Economics. Class 12 focuses on Macroeconomics and Indian Economic Development.
Yes, every student must complete one project, which is assessed through written work and viva-voce, carrying 20 marks.
The exam includes MCQs, short answer type, long answer type, and case-based/application-based questions.
Yes, numericals are part of units like National Income, Determination of Income & Employment, and Balance of Payments.
Indian Economic Development also carries 40 marks in theory.
The class 12th economics syllabus covers national income, money and banking, income and employment, government budget, and balance of payments in Macroeconomics.
Practice AD-AS curves, PPC, income determination graphs, and cost curves regularly. Well-labeled diagrams improve your presentation and marks.
Minor updates may occur, but the overall structure of Macroeconomics and Indian Economic Development remains similar. Always refer to the latest CBSE curriculum.
Yes, the syllabus of class 12th economics in CBSE forms the foundation for commerce, management, and economics degrees, and also helps in competitive exams like CUET, UPSC, and CA Foundation.
Check the latest CBSE Class 11 syllabus for all subjects below:
| Class 11th History Syllabus | Class 11th Chemistry Syllabus |
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