All & Important Articles of Indian Constitution: What Changed Since 1950

There are 448 total articles in Indian Constitution, arranged across 25 active Parts and supported by 12 Schedules. When the Constitution came into force on 26 January 1950, it had 395 Articles, 22 Parts, and 8 Schedules. Over time, new Articles were added, some were changed, and a few were repealed through constitutional amendments. 

These changes helped the Constitution include new areas like Fundamental Duties, Panchayats, Municipalities, Tribunals, education, environment, and local governance. The articles of Indian Constitution are the main legal provisions that explain rights, duties, powers, institutions, elections, finance, emergency powers, and the amendment process. 

All Articles of Indian Constitution

Below is the list of total articles of Indian Constitution: 

Part	Articles Covered	Subject Covered
Part I	Articles 1–4	The Union and its Territory
Part II	Articles 5–11	Citizenship
Part III	Articles 12–35	Fundamental Rights
Part IV	Articles 36–51	Directive Principles of State Policy
Part IVA	Article 51A	Fundamental Duties
Part V	Articles 52–151	The Union
Part VI	Articles 152–237	The States
Part VIII	Articles 239–242	Union Territories
Part IX	Articles 243–243O	Panchayats
Part IXA	Articles 243P–243ZG	Municipalities
Part IXB	Articles 243ZH–243ZT	Co-operative Societies
Part X	Articles 244–244A	Scheduled and Tribal Areas
Part XI	Articles 245–263	Relations Between the Union and the States
Part XII	Articles 264–300A	Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits
Part XIII	Articles 301–307	Trade, Commerce and Intercourse Within India
Part XIV	Articles 308–323	Services Under the Union and the States
Part XIVA	Articles 323A–323B	Tribunals
Part XV	Articles 324–329A	Elections
Part XVI	Articles 330–342A	Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes
Part XVII	Articles 343–351	Official Language
Part XVIII	Articles 352–360	Emergency Provisions
Part XIX	Articles 361–367	Miscellaneous
Part XX	Article 368	Amendments of Indian Constitution
Part XXI	Articles 369–392	Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions
Part XXII	Articles 393–395	Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repeals

The Indian Constitution has 448 Articles. These Articles are arranged under different Parts. To make the list easy to revise, we have divided the Articles Part-wise below.

Part I: Articles 1 to 4 (The Union and Its Territory)

• Article 1 – Name and territory of the Union
• Article 2 – Admission or establishment of new States
• Article 2A – Sikkim to be associated with the Union (Repealed)
• Article 3 – Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries, or names of existing States
• Article 4 – Laws made under Articles 2 and 3 to provide for amendment of the First and Fourth Schedules and supplemental matters

Part II: Articles 5 to 11 (Citizenship)

• Article 5 – Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution
• Article 6 – Rights of citizenship of certain persons who migrated to India from Pakistan
• Article 7 – Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan
• Article 8 – Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India
• Article 9 – Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens
• Article 10 – Continuance of the rights of citizenship
• Article 11 – Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law

Part III: Articles 12 to 35 (Fundamental Rights)

• Article 12 – Definition of State
• Article 13 – Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of Fundamental Rights
• Article 14 – Equality before law
• Article 15 – Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth
• Article 16 – Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment
• Article 17 – Abolition of untouchability
• Article 18 – Abolition of titles
• Article 19 – Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
• Article 20 – Protection in respect of conviction for offences
• Article 21 – Protection of life and personal liberty
• Article 21A – Right to education
• Article 22 – Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases
• Article 23 – Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour
• Article 24 – Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
• Article 25 – Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of religion
• Article 26 – Freedom to manage religious affairs
• Article 27 – Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion
• Article 28 – Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions
• Article 29 – Protection of interests of minorities
• Article 30 – Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions
• Article 31 – Compulsory acquisition of property (Repealed)
• Article 31A – Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.
• Article 31B – Validation of certain Acts and Regulations
• Article 31C – Saving of laws giving effect to certain Directive Principles
• Article 31D – Saving of laws in respect of anti-national activities (Repealed)
• Article 32 – Remedies for enforcement of Fundamental Rights
• Article 32A – Constitutional validity of State laws not to be considered in proceedings under Article 32 (Repealed)
• Article 33 – Power of Parliament to modify Fundamental Rights for armed forces, etc.
• Article 34 – Restriction on Fundamental Rights while martial law is in force
• Article 35 – Legislation to give effect to provisions of this Part

Part IV: Articles 36 to 51 (Directive Principles of State Policy)

• Article 36 – Definition of State
• Article 37 – Application of the principles contained in this Part
• Article 38 – State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people
• Article 39 – Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State
• Article 39A – Equal justice and free legal aid
• Article 40 – Organisation of village Panchayats
• Article 41 – Right to work, education, and public assistance in certain cases
• Article 42 – Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief
• Article 43 – Living wage, etc., for workers
• Article 43A – Participation of workers in management of industries
• Article 43B – Promotion of co-operative societies
• Article 44 – Uniform Civil Code for citizens
• Article 45 – Provision for early childhood care and education to children below six years
• Article 46 – Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other weaker sections
• Article 47 – Duty of the State to raise nutrition, standard of living, and public health
• Article 48 – Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry
• Article 48A – Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife
• Article 49 – Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance
• Article 50 – Separation of judiciary from executive
• Article 51 – Promotion of international peace and security

Part IVA: Article 51A (Fundamental Duties)

• Article 51A – Fundamental Duties of citizens

Part V: Articles 52 to 151 (The Union)

• Articles 52 to 78 – President, Vice-President, Council of Ministers, and Attorney General
• Articles 79 to 122 – Parliament
• Article 123 – Ordinance-making power of the President
• Articles 124 to 147 – Supreme Court
• Articles 148 to 151 – Comptroller and Auditor General of India

Part VI: Articles 152 to 237 (The States)

• Articles 152 to 167 – Governor, Council of Ministers, and Advocate General
• Articles 168 to 212 – State Legislature
• Article 213 – Ordinance-making power of the Governor
• Articles 214 to 231 – High Courts
• Articles 233 to 237 – Subordinate Courts

Part VIII: Articles 239 to 242 (Union Territories)

• Article 239 – Administration of Union Territories
• Article 239A – Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers for certain Union Territories
• Article 239AA – Special provisions for Delhi
• Article 239AB – Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery in Delhi
• Article 239B – Power of administrator to issue ordinances for certain Union Territories
• Article 240 – Power of President to make regulations for certain Union Territories
• Article 241 – High Courts for Union Territories
• Article 242 – Coorg (Repealed)

Part IX: Articles 243 to 243O (Panchayats)

• Article 243 – Definitions
• Article 243A – Gram Sabha
• Article 243B – Constitution of Panchayats
• Article 243C – Composition of Panchayats
• Article 243D – Reservation of seats
• Article 243E – Duration of Panchayats
• Article 243F – Disqualifications for membership
• Article 243G – Powers, authority, and responsibilities of Panchayats
• Article 243H – Powers to impose taxes and funds of Panchayats
• Article 243I – Finance Commission
• Article 243J – Audit of accounts of Panchayats
• Article 243K – Elections to Panchayats
• Article 243L – Application to Union Territories
• Article 243M – Part not to apply to certain areas
• Article 243N – Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats
• Article 243O – Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters

Part IXA: Articles 243P to 243ZG (Municipalities)

• Article 243P – Definitions
• Article 243Q – Constitution of Municipalities
• Article 243R – Composition of Municipalities
• Article 243S – Constitution and composition of Wards Committees
• Article 243T – Reservation of seats
• Article 243U – Duration of Municipalities
• Article 243V – Disqualifications for membership
• Article 243W – Powers, authority, and responsibilities of Municipalities
• Article 243X – Power to impose taxes and funds of Municipalities
• Article 243Y – Finance Commission
• Article 243Z – Audit of accounts of Municipalities
• Article 243ZA – Elections to Municipalities
• Article 243ZB – Application to Union Territories
• Article 243ZC – Part not to apply to certain areas
• Article 243ZD – Committee for district planning
• Article 243ZE – Committee for metropolitan planning
• Article 243ZF – Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities
• Article 243ZG – Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters

Part IXB: Articles 243ZH to 243ZT (Co-operative Societies)

• Article 243ZH – Definitions
• Article 243ZI – Incorporation of co-operative societies
• Article 243ZJ – Number and term of members of board and office bearers
• Article 243ZK – Election of members of board
• Article 243ZL – Supersession and suspension of board
• Article 243ZM – Audit of accounts
• Article 243ZN – Convening of general body meetings
• Article 243ZO – Right of member to get information
• Article 243ZP – Returns
• Article 243ZQ – Offences and penalties
• Article 243ZR – Application to multi-State co-operative societies
• Article 243ZS – Application to Union Territories
• Article 243ZT – Continuance of existing laws

Part X: Articles 244 to 244A (Scheduled and Tribal Areas)

• Article 244 – Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas
• Article 244A – Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam

Part XI: Articles 245 to 263 (Relations Between the Union and the States)

• Articles 245 to 255 – Legislative relations
• Articles 256 to 263 – Administrative relations

Part XII: Articles 264 to 300A (Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)

• Articles 264 to 291 – Finance
• Articles 292 to 293 – Borrowing
• Articles 294 to 300 – Property, contracts, rights, liabilities, obligations, and suits
• Article 300A – Persons not to be deprived of property except by authority of law

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Part XIII: Articles 301 to 307 (Trade, Commerce and Intercourse Within India)

• Article 301 – Freedom of trade, commerce, and intercourse
• Article 302 – Parliament’s power to impose restrictions on trade, commerce, and intercourse
• Article 303 – Restrictions on legislative powers of Union and States regarding trade and commerce
• Article 304 – Restrictions on trade, commerce, and intercourse among States
• Article 305 – Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies
• Article 306 – Power of certain States in Part B of First Schedule to impose restrictions (Repealed)
• Article 307 – Appointment of authority for carrying out purposes of Articles 301 to 304

Part XIV: Articles 308 to 323 (Services Under the Union and the States)

• Articles 308 to 314 – Services
• Articles 315 to 323 – Public Service Commissions

Part XIVA: Articles 323A to 323B (Tribunals)

• Article 323A – Administrative tribunals
• Article 323B – Tribunals for other matters

Part XV: Articles 324 to 329A (Elections)

• Article 324 – Superintendence, direction, and control of elections by Election Commission
• Article 325 – One general electoral roll for every territorial constituency
• Article 326 – Elections to Lok Sabha and State Assemblies based on adult suffrage
• Article 327 – Parliament’s power to make election laws
• Article 328 – State Legislature’s power to make election laws
• Article 329 – Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters
• Article 329A – Special provision as to elections to Parliament in case of Prime Minister and Speaker (Repealed)

Part XVI: Articles 330 to 342A (Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes)

• Article 330 – Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Lok Sabha
• Article 330A – Reservation of seats for women in Lok Sabha
• Article 331 – Representation of Anglo-Indian community in Lok Sabha (Omitted)
• Article 332 – Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in State Legislative Assemblies
• Article 332A – Reservation of seats for women in State Legislative Assemblies
• Article 333 – Representation of Anglo-Indian community in State Legislative Assemblies (Omitted)
• Article 334 – Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after certain period
• Article 334A – Reservation of seats for women to take effect
• Article 335 – Claims of SCs and STs to services and posts
• Article 336 – Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services
• Article 337 – Special provision for educational grants for Anglo-Indian community
• Article 338 – National Commission for Scheduled Castes
• Article 338A – National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
• Article 338B – National Commission for Backward Classes
• Article 339 – Control of Union over administration of Scheduled Areas and welfare of Scheduled Tribes
• Article 340 – Commission to investigate conditions of backward classes
• Article 341 – Scheduled Castes
• Article 342 – Scheduled Tribes
• Article 342A – Socially and educationally backward classes

Part XVII: Articles 343 to 351 (Official Language)

• Article 343 – Official language of the Union
• Article 344 – Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language
• Article 345 – Official language of a State
• Article 346 – Official language for communication between States and Union
• Article 347 – Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of population of a State
• Article 348 – Language used in Supreme Court, High Courts, Acts, Bills, etc.
• Article 349 – Special procedure for laws relating to language
• Article 350 – Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances
• Article 350A – Facilities for instruction in mother tongue at primary stage
• Article 350B – Special Officer for linguistic minorities
• Article 351 – Directive for development of Hindi language

Part XVIII: Articles 352 to 360 (Emergency Provisions)

• Article 352 – Proclamation of Emergency
• Article 353 – Effect of Proclamation of Emergency
• Article 354 – Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues during Emergency
• Article 355 – Duty of Union to protect States
• Article 356 – Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States
• Article 357 – Exercise of legislative powers during President’s Rule
• Article 358 – Suspension of Article 19 during Emergency
• Article 359 – Suspension of enforcement of rights during Emergency
• Article 359A – Application of this Part to Punjab (Repealed)
• Article 360 – Financial Emergency

Part XIX: Articles 361 to 367 (Miscellaneous)

• Article 361 – Protection of President and Governors
• Article 361A – Protection of publication of parliamentary and legislative proceedings
• Article 361B – Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post
• Article 362 – Rights and privileges of rulers of Indian States (Repealed)
• Article 363 – Bar to interference by courts in certain disputes
• Article 363A – Recognition granted to rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses to be abolished
• Article 364 – Special provisions for major ports and aerodromes
• Article 365 – Effect of failure to comply with Union directions
• Article 366 – Definitions
• Article 367 – Interpretation

Part XX: Article 368 (Amendment of the Constitution)

• Article 368 – Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure for amendment

Part XXI: Articles 369 to 392 (Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

• Article 369 – Temporary power of Parliament to make laws on State List matters
• Article 370 – Temporary provisions for Jammu and Kashmir
• Article 371 – Special provision for Maharashtra and Gujarat
• Article 371A – Special provision for Nagaland
• Article 371B – Special provision for Assam
• Article 371C – Special provision for Manipur
• Article 371D – Special provision for Andhra Pradesh or Telangana
• Article 371E – Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh
• Article 371F – Special provision for Sikkim
• Article 371G – Special provision for Mizoram
• Article 371H – Special provision for Arunachal Pradesh
• Article 371I – Special provision for Goa
• Article 371J – Special provision for Karnataka
• Article 372 – Continuance of existing laws
• Article 372A – Power of President to adapt laws
• Article 373 – Preventive detention in certain cases
• Article 374 – Provisions as to Judges of Federal Court and proceedings pending in Federal Court or Privy Council
• Article 375 – Courts, authorities, and officers to continue to function
• Article 376 – Provisions as to Judges of High Courts
• Article 377 – Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor General of India
• Article 378 – Provisions as to Public Service Commissions
• Article 378A – Special provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
• Article 379 – Provisions as to provisional Parliament and Speaker (Repealed)
• Article 380 – Provisions as to President (Repealed)
• Article 381 – Council of Ministers (Repealed)
• Article 382 – Provisions as to provisional legislatures for States (Repealed)
• Article 383 – Provision as to Governors (Repealed)
• Article 384 – Council of Ministers in States (Repealed)
• Article 385 – Provision as to Legislatures in Part B States (Repealed)
• Article 386 – Council of Ministers for Part B States (Repealed)
• Article 387 – Special provision as to determination of population for certain elections (Repealed)
• Article 388 – Provision as to filling casual vacancies in provisional Parliament and State Legislatures (Repealed)
• Article 389 – Provision as to certain electoral matters (Repealed)
• Article 390 – Provision as to certain financial matters (Repealed)
• Article 391 – Power of President to amend First and Fourth Schedules in certain cases (Repealed)
• Article 392 – Power of President to remove difficulties

Part XXII: Articles 393 to 395 (Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repeals)

• Article 393 – Short title
• Article 394 – Commencement
• Article 394A – Authoritative text in Hindi language
• Article 395 – Repeals

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Important Articles in Indian Constitution

This is the list of most important articles of Constitution of India:

Article	What It Deals With	Why It Is Important
Article 1	India as a Union of States	Defines India’s name and territorial identity
Article 14	Equality before law	Base of equality, rule of law, and non-arbitrariness
Article 15	Prohibition of discrimination	Protects against discrimination on specific grounds
Article 16	Equality in public employment	Important for reservation and government jobs
Article 19	Freedom rights	Covers speech, movement, association, profession, and other freedoms
Article 21	Life and personal liberty	One of the widest and most important Fundamental Rights
Article 21A	Right to Education	Gives free and compulsory education to children aged 6 to 14 years
Article 25	Freedom of religion	Protects religious freedom and conscience
Article 32	Constitutional remedies	Allows people to directly approach the Supreme Court for Fundamental Rights
Article 44	Uniform Civil Code	Important Directive Principle for common civil laws
Article 51A	Fundamental Duties	Lists the duties of Indian citizens
Article 72	President’s pardoning power	Important executive power related to mercy petitions
Article 110	Money Bill	Important for Parliament and financial law-making
Article 123	Ordinance-making power of President	Allows temporary law-making when Parliament is not in session
Article 124	Supreme Court	Deals with establishment and constitution of the Supreme Court
Article 143	Advisory jurisdiction of Supreme Court	Allows the President to seek the Supreme Court’s opinion
Article 226	Writ power of High Courts	Gives High Courts wide power to issue writs
Article 243	Panchayats	Important for rural local self-government
Article 280	Finance Commission	Deals with distribution of finances between Union and States
Article 300A	Right to property	Protects property as a constitutional legal right
Article 324	Election Commission	Gives power to supervise and conduct elections
Article 352	National Emergency	Deals with emergency during war, external aggression, or armed rebellion
Article 356	President’s Rule	Deals with failure of constitutional machinery in a State
Article 360	Financial Emergency	Deals with financial emergency in India
Article 368	Amendment of Constitution	Explains how the Constitution can be amended

Articles Added Later by Constitutional Amendments

Many Articles were added after 1950 through amendments to Indian Constitution. These additions helped the Constitution address new needs related to land reforms, education, environment, local governance, tribunals, co-operative societies, backward classes, and women’s reservation.

Article Added	Added By	Year	What It Deals With
Article 31A	1st Constitutional Amendment Act	1951	Protection of certain laws related to estates, land reforms, and related rights
Article 31B	1st Constitutional Amendment Act	1951	Protection of laws placed in the Ninth Schedule from certain Fundamental Rights challenges
Article 31C	25th Constitutional Amendment Act	1971	Protection of laws made to give effect to certain Directive Principles
Article 39A	42nd Constitutional Amendment Act	1976	Equal justice and free legal aid
Article 43A	42nd Constitutional Amendment Act	1976	Participation of workers in management of industries
Article 48A	42nd Constitutional Amendment Act	1976	Protection and improvement of environment, forests, and wildlife
Article 51A	42nd Constitutional Amendment Act	1976	Fundamental Duties of citizens
Article 323A	42nd Constitutional Amendment Act	1976	Administrative tribunals
Article 323B	42nd Constitutional Amendment Act	1976	Tribunals for other matters like tax, labour, land reforms, and elections
Article 300A	44th Constitutional Amendment Act	1978	Right to property as a constitutional legal right
Article 239AA	69th Constitutional Amendment Act	1991	Special provisions for the National Capital Territory of Delhi
Articles 243 to 243O	73rd Constitutional Amendment Act	1992	Panchayats and rural local self-government
Articles 243P to 243ZG	74th Constitutional Amendment Act	1992	Municipalities and urban local self-government
Article 21A	86th Constitutional Amendment Act	2002	Right to free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14 years
Article 243ZH to 243ZT	97th Constitutional Amendment Act	2011	Co-operative societies
Article 338B	102nd Constitutional Amendment Act	2018	National Commission for Backward Classes
Article 342A	102nd Constitutional Amendment Act	2018	Power to specify socially and educationally backward classes
Article 330A	106th Constitutional Amendment Act	2023	Reservation of seats for women in the Lok Sabha
Article 332A	106th Constitutional Amendment Act	2023	Reservation of seats for women in State Legislative Assemblies
Article 334A	106th Constitutional Amendment Act	2023	Period and rotation of women’s reservation in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies

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Constitution Articles Repealed or Changed Over Time

Some Articles of the Indian Constitution were deleted, replaced, or changed through constitutional amendments and constitutional orders. These changes were made to update the Constitution according to new political, legal, and social needs.

Article / Provision	Repealed or Changed By	Year	Earlier Position	Reason / Impact
Article 19(1)(f)	44th Constitutional Amendment Act	1978	It gave citizens the Fundamental Right to acquire, hold, and dispose of property.	It was deleted to remove property from the list of Fundamental Rights. Property is now protected as a constitutional legal right under Article 300A.
Article 31	44th Constitutional Amendment Act	1978	It dealt with compulsory acquisition of property and compensation.	It was repealed because the Right to Property was removed as a Fundamental Right. A new Article 300A was added to protect property by authority of law.
Article 31C	42nd Amendment and later Supreme Court interpretation	1976 onward	It protected laws made to implement certain Directive Principles from being challenged under some Fundamental Rights.	Its scope became a major constitutional issue. The Supreme Court later limited its expanded use to protect the basic structure of the Constitution.
Article 238	7th Constitutional Amendment Act	1956	It dealt with Part B States under the old classification of states.	It was repealed after the reorganisation of states because the old Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D state classification was removed.
Article 239A	Changed by later provisions for certain Union Territories	Later amendments	It provided for local legislatures or councils of ministers for certain Union Territories.	It was changed over time as special provisions were made for Union Territories like Delhi and Puducherry.
Article 329A	44th Constitutional Amendment Act	1978	It gave special protection in matters related to election disputes of certain high offices.	It was repealed after strong criticism because it affected judicial review and election accountability.
Article 334	Extended through multiple amendments	From time to time	It fixed the time limit for reservation of seats for SCs and STs and earlier Anglo-Indian representation.	Its deadline was extended several times to continue reservation for SCs and STs in legislatures. Anglo-Indian nomination provisions were later discontinued.
Article 35A	Constitution Order changes in 2019	2019	It gave special powers to Jammu and Kashmir to define permanent residents and their rights.	It became inoperative after the 2019 constitutional changes related to Jammu and Kashmir.
Article 370	Constitution Orders and Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation changes	2019	It gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir.	Its practical operation was changed in 2019, and Jammu and Kashmir was reorganised into Union Territories.

Articles of Indian Constitution PDF

Download our Articles of Indian Constitution PDF and get the complete list of important Articles with their Parts, subjects, meanings, amendments, and exam-focused notes in one place. 

Importance of Articles in the Constitution

1. They Define Your Rights

Articles of Constitution explain the rights available to citizens and, in some cases, to all persons. Fundamental Rights under Articles 12 to 35 protect equality, freedom, religion, culture, education, and access to constitutional remedies.

2. They Explain Government Powers

Articles in Indian Constitution define the powers and functions of the President, Parliament, Prime Minister, Governors, State Legislatures, courts, Election Commission, Finance Commission, and other constitutional bodies. This helps maintain a clear system of governance.

3. They Guide Law-Making

The Constitution of India tells how laws are made, who can make them, and how powers are divided between the Union and States. Articles also help courts check laws that go against constitutional principles.

4. They Protect Constitutional Balance

Articles of Indian Constitution maintain balance between rights and duties, Union and States, Parliament and courts, and citizens and the government. This balance is important for democracy, rule of law, and public accountability.

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