7 August 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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India–Philippines Strategic Partnership (2025–29)

During the state visit of the President of the Philippines to India, both countries signed the Strategic Partnership Plan of Action (2025–2029), marking a significant step forward in bilateral cooperation as they celebrate 75 years of diplomatic relations.

Context and Background

• Diplomatic ties were established in 1949.
• Relations have deepened over time, especially under India’s: Look East Policy (1992), Act East Policy (2014)

Key Highlights of the Visit

1. Agreements Signed

• Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty
• Transfer of Sentenced Persons Agreement
• Sectoral Cooperation in: Science and Technology, Space Exploration, Tourism Development

2. Digital Infrastructure Cooperation

• India to support a pilot project on Sovereign Data Cloud Infrastructure for the Philippines.

3. Maritime and Security Partnership

• The Philippines invited to join the Information Fusion Centre–Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) to enhance maritime domain awareness.

Key Pillars of India–Philippines Relations

1. Defence and Strategic Cooperation

• The Philippines became the first international buyer of India's BrahMos supersonic cruise missile.
• Hosted the first Track-1 Maritime Dialogue in Manila in 2024.

2. Economic and Trade Engagement

• Bilateral trade volume reached USD 3.5 billion in 2023–24.
• Trade relations strengthened through:
  - ASEAN–India Free Trade Agreement
  - Ongoing discussions on a Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA)

3. Capacity Building and Development Partnership

• Philippines is a major participant in India’s ITEC (Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation) programme.

4. People-to-People and Cultural Ties

• Cultural Exchange Programme (2019–2023) was renewed.
• A vibrant Indian diaspora of over 70,000 contributes to bilateral societal ties.

Strategic Significance of Strengthening India–Philippines Ties

1. Shared Indo-Pacific Outlook

• Both nations advocate for a free, open, inclusive, and rules-based Indo-Pacific, aligning with India’s MAHASAGAR Vision.

2. Geostrategic Balancing in South China Sea

• India’s support reinforces: 2016 arbitral ruling under UNCLOS, which recognized the Philippines’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
• Rejection of China’s claim to “historic rights” in contested waters.
• India serves as a credible and trusted strategic partner amid growing regional tensions with China.

3. Reform-Oriented Global Partnership

• Both countries are advocates of Reforming multilateral institutions.
• Addressing global challenges such as: Climate Change, Digital Transformation, Socio-economic Inequalities

Russia Officially Withdraws from INF Treaty

Russia has formally ended its commitment to the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, citing provocative military moves by United States, including deployment of nuclear-capable systems near its borders.

About the INF Treaty

1. Signed:

• 1987

2. Parties:

• United States and the Soviet Union

3. Core Objective:

• Elimination of all ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with a range of 500–5,500 km.
• Prohibited both deployment and production of such systems.

4. Verification Mechanism:

• Included on-site inspections, making it a landmark in arms control transparency.

5. Significance:

• First treaty to eliminate an entire category of nuclear weapons.
• Symbolized the beginning of post-Cold War nuclear de-escalation.

Recent Developments

1. Russia attributes its exit to:

• The U.S. repositioning of two nuclear submarines closer to Russian territory.
• Deployment of the Typhon missile system in the Philippines, perceived as a strategic threat.

2. The treaty had been on shaky ground since the U.S. withdrawal in 2019, following mutual accusations of violations.

Implications for Global Security

1. Weakening of the Nuclear Arms Control Regime

• Undermines global efforts toward arms limitation and disarmament.
• May lead to unrestrained development of intermediate-range nuclear systems.

2. Acceleration of Nuclear Modernization

• Major powers are increasingly investing in advanced delivery systems and warheads.
• Signals a possible return to Cold War-style arms race dynamics.

3. Global Instability & Crisis Risks

• Short flight time of such missiles raises risk of miscalculation and false alarm responses.
• Possibility of nuclear escalation in regional conflicts increases substantially.

4. Erosion of Trust and Norms

• Weakens the normative framework that disincentivizes nuclear use.
• Non-nuclear states may reconsider Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) commitments.

Russia's formal withdrawal from the INF Treaty represents a dangerous shift in global arms control architecture. With rising geopolitical tensions and increasing militarization in regions like Eastern Europe and the Indo-Pacific, the absence of robust treaties raises the spectre of nuclear brinkmanship. The international community must act urgently to revive dialogue, rebuild trust, and establish new multilateral frameworks for nuclear restraint.

International Seabed Authority (ISA) Concludes Landmark 30th Assembly Session

The 30th Session of the International Seabed Authority (ISA) Assembly concluded recently, coinciding with the 30th anniversary of its establishment under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the 1994 Part XI Implementing Agreement.

Key Outcomes of the 30th Session

1. Development of Common Heritage Fund

• Aimed at promoting sustainability, capacity-building, and equitable benefit-sharing from seabed resources.
• Aligns with the UNCLOS principle of "common heritage of mankind".

2. Operationalization of the Economic Planning Commission

• Tasked with assessing economic impacts of seabed mining.
• Will recommend mitigation strategies to minimize environmental and socio-economic harms.

3. Declaration of International Deep Seabed Day

• November 1 designated to raise awareness about deep-sea ecosystems and the importance of sustainable seabed governance.
• Regulates mineral-related activities in the international seabed area (known as "The Area") beyond national jurisdiction
• Ensures responsible and equitable use of seabed resources
• Protects marine ecosystems from the impact of deep-sea mining |
  | Coverage | Oversees activities in about 54% of the world’s oceans, beyond national EEZs |

Recent Initiatives by ISA

1. Deep-Sea Biobank Initiative (DBI) – 2025

• Will establish a global repository of deep-sea biological samples and genetic data.
• Aims to enhance research and promote capacity development, especially among developing states.

2. AREA 2030 Project

• Seeks to facilitate high-resolution mapping of the international seabed area by 2030.
• Critical for both resource identification and marine protection.

3. Sustainable Seabed Knowledge Initiative (SSKI)

• Focuses on strengthening the scientific base for informed decision-making.
• Aims to enhance environmental safeguards in deep-sea governance.

Significance of the ISA’s Role

• Upholds the Principle of Common Heritage: Ensures that seabed resources benefit all humanity, not just technologically advanced nations.
• Facilitates Equitable Access: Particularly for developing and small island states, enabling them to participate in marine research and exploration.
• Balances Resource Use and Environmental Protection: Acts as a regulatory buffer against the unsustainable exploitation of fragile deep-sea ecosystems.

Cloudburst-Induced Flash Floods Hit Dharali, Uttarakhand

A cloudburst over the Kheer Ganga River-a tributary of the Alaknanda-triggered severe flash floods in Dharali, Uttarkashi District, Uttarakhand. The incident reflects the growing frequency of extreme weather events in the fragile Himalayan ecosystem.

What is a Cloudburst?

1. A cloudburst is defined as 10 cm or more rainfall within an hour over a localised area.

2. These are intense, short-duration rainfall events, typically occurring in hilly terrain.

3. They are difficult to predict due to:

• Small spatial scale
• Rapid development

4. Monitoring requires:

• Dense radar networks
• High-resolution numerical weather models

Why are Cloudbursts Common in the Himalayas?

1. Geographical Factors

• The steep topography leads to orographic lifting of moisture-laden air from the Arabian Sea.
• This results in the formation of towering cumulonimbus clouds, capable of retaining massive water content.
• These clouds, lacking sufficient space or mechanism for gradual precipitation, suddenly release heavy rain once saturated.

2. Anthropogenic Factors

• Climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events.
• A post-event study of the 2013 Kedarnath disaster revealed that over 50% of the rainfall was attributable to anthropogenic greenhouse gases and aerosols.

Disaster Preparedness and Policy Response

The National Disaster Management Plan (2019) outlines a Cloudburst Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) strategy, emphasizing:

• Improved early warning systems
• Capacity building in vulnerable regions
• Community-based disaster preparedness

Broader Implications

• Uttarakhand's recurring disasters (e.g., 2013 Kedarnath, 2021 Chamoli) highlight the fragility of mountain ecosystems.
• There is a need for integrating climate resilience in development planning.
• Unplanned construction, hydropower projects, and deforestation have exacerbated vulnerability to such disasters.

Conclusion

Dharali cloudburst is yet another wake-up call to reassess disaster management, urban planning, and climate policies in ecologically sensitive regions. A multi-hazard early warning system, sustainable development practices, and climate adaptation measures are crucial to safeguard lives and ecosystems in Indian Himalayas.

India Calls for Fair and Representative Global Order at BIMSTEC Traditional Music Festival

At the inaugural BIMSTEC Traditional Music Festival, India’s External Affairs Minister emphasized the collective aspiration of nations—particularly from the Global South—for a fair, balanced, and inclusive global order, moving beyond systems dominated by a select few powerful countries.

This remark comes in the context of increasing economic protectionism, including the U.S. decision to impose a 25% reciprocal tariff on Indian goods, signaling ongoing tensions in global trade relations.

Concerns with the Existing Global Order

1. Persistent U.S. Hegemony

a. Since WWII, the global liberal order has been heavily shaped by American strategic and economic leadership.

b. However, U.S. dominance is waning due to:

• Rise of China and other emerging economies.
• Strategic fatigue from prolonged military engagements.
• Disengagement from multilateralism, e.g., withdrawal from Paris Agreement, WTO Appellate Body, etc.

2. Trade as a Geopolitical Tool

a. Advanced economies increasingly weaponize trade:

• Tariff barriers (e.g., U.S. reciprocal tariffs, EU’s carbon border adjustment tax).
• Use of sanctions as instruments of coercive diplomacy.

b. These measures disproportionately affect developing economies and undermine equitable trade norms.

3. Structural Inequities in Global Governance

• Institutions such as the UN Security Council and Bretton Woods institutions (World Bank, IMF) continue to reflect post-WWII power structures.
• Global South remains underrepresented, despite comprising the majority of the global population and being disproportionately affected by global crises.

4. Erosion of Multilateralism

• Unilateralism and power-driven politics have eroded trust in multilateral forums.
• Ineffective responses to crises like climate change, pandemics, and conflict resolution reflect the fragmented nature of global cooperation.

5. Shift Toward Regionalism and Deglobalization

• There is increasing reliance on regional platforms (e.g., BRICS, QUAD, ASEAN) for strategic and economic collaboration.
• This diffusion of power has led to polycentric governance but also risks fragmented global decision-making.

Way Forward: Towards an Inclusive Global Order

1. Reforming Global Institutions

• Expansion of the UN Security Council to include permanent representation from developing regions.
• Restructuring Bretton Woods institutions to reflect current economic realities and enhance voting rights for Global South nations.

2. Promoting Inclusive Multilateralism

• Strengthening platforms like G20, BRICS, IBSA, and BIMSTEC.
• Encouraging consensus-driven decision-making that respects the voices of all stakeholders.

3. Enhancing Issue-Based Cooperation

a. Building global coalitions to address:

• Climate change (e.g., International Solar Alliance)
• Peace and security
• Public health and digital equity

b. Moving from bloc politics to shared responsibility frameworks.

Lok Sabha Passes Bill to Reserve Seats for Scheduled Tribes in Goa Assembly

Lok Sabha recently passed a bill to extend Scheduled Tribe reservation in Goa Legislative Assembly, bringing the state in line with the constitutional mandate for political representation of marginalized communities.

Constitutional Provisions on Reservation for SCs/STs

1. Article 332 – Reservation in State Assemblies

• Mandates reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in the Legislative Assemblies of every state.
• The number of reserved seats is to be determined in proportion to their population in the state.

2. Exception for Assam's Autonomous Districts

• In Assam, instead of general ST reservation, special provisions exist for the autonomous districts under the Sixth Schedule.
• These districts elect representatives through direct elections and have reserved constituencies within the state assembly.

Significance of the Goa Bill

• Although Goa has a significant ST population, it previously had no provision for ST reservation in its assembly.
• The bill ensures constitutional parity and affirms the political rights of Scheduled Tribes in the state.

Broader Importance of Political Reservation

• Ensures participation of marginalized communities in legislative processes.
• Promotes inclusive governance and addresses historical injustices.
• Acts as a tool for social empowerment and policy responsiveness to the needs of disadvantaged groups.

Conclusion

The reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes in the Goa Assembly is a progressive step towards realizing constitutional equality and social justice. It strengthens India’s affirmative action framework and reinforces the vision of inclusive democracy enshrined in the Constitution.

India Partners with UN World Food Programme to Enhance Rice Fortification in Nepal

India, in collaboration with the United Nations World Food Programme (UN WFP), has launched a new initiative aimed at strengthening rice fortification and supply chain management in Nepal. This initiative aligns with regional efforts to address malnutrition and food insecurity in South Asia.

About the UN World Food Programme (WFP)

1. Overview

• WFP is the largest humanitarian agency globally, dedicated to delivering food assistance in emergencies and working to improve nutrition and food security.
• It operates under the United Nations system, providing life-saving aid in situations of conflict, disaster, and climate crises.

2. Key Facts

• Headquarters: Rome, Italy
• Established: 1961 through the collaborative efforts of the UN General Assembly and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
• Funding Model: Relies entirely on voluntary contributions from governments, corporations, and individuals
• Global Reach: Operates in over 80 countries, supporting vulnerable communities
• Recognition: Honoured with the Nobel Peace Prize in 2020 for its role in combating hunger and promoting peace in conflict-affected areas

Significance of the India–Nepal–WFP Initiative

1. Focus on Rice Fortification

• Aims to tackle hidden hunger by improving the nutritional quality of rice, a staple food in the region.
• Fortified rice is enriched with micronutrients like iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12, critical for preventing malnutrition.

2. Strengthening Supply Chains

• Enhances logistics, warehousing, and distribution systems for fortified rice.
• Promotes regional cooperation in food security and health.

Conclusion

This trilateral cooperation represents a model of South-South collaboration, with India leveraging its technical expertise and WFP’s global presence to improve food and nutrition outcomes in Nepal. It contributes to the UN Sustainable Development Goal 2 – Zero Hunger and reflects India's growing role in regional humanitarian efforts.

Parliament Extends President’s Rule in Manipur by Six Months

Parliament has approved the extension of President’s Rule in Manipur for an additional six months, citing continued administrative instability and security concerns in the state.

About President’s Rule – Article 356

Constitutional Basis:

• Enshrined in Article 356 of the Indian Constitution.
• Invoked when the President is satisfied that the state government is unable to function according to constitutional provisions.
• Typically based on a report from the Governor, but the President may act even without such a report.

Implications of President’s Rule

1. Executive Authority:

• The President assumes control over the functions of the state government.
• The powers of the Governor and the State Council of Ministers are exercised by the President through the Governor or appointed administrators.

2. Legislative Powers:

• The Parliament assumes the legislative functions of the State Assembly.
• It may delegate such powers to the President or a specified authority.

3. Exceptions:

• Powers of the High Court remain unaffected.

Duration and Procedure

• Initial Validity: 6 months.
• Extension: Can be extended every 6 months up to a maximum of 3 years, subject to Parliamentary approval.
• Revocation: Can be revoked at any time by the President via a fresh proclamation.

Safeguards Against Misuse

• Judicial Review: The Supreme Court, in the SR Bommai case (1994), held that the imposition of President’s Rule is subject to judicial scrutiny.
• Parliamentary Oversight: Approval by both Houses of Parliament is mandatory.
• Temporal Limitation: Repeated extensions require justifiable reasons and Parliament’s nod.

Significance in Manipur’s Context

The extension reflects continued governance breakdown in the state amid ongoing ethnic violence and administrative vacuum. It underscores the Centre’s constitutional responsibility to maintain order while also raising concerns over the prolonged absence of an elected government.

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