16 September 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Defence Indigenisation Prioritised in New Defence Procurement Manual (DPM) 2025

India’s Defence Minister released the Defence Procurement Manual (DPM) 2025, updating the earlier 2009 edition, with a renewed focus on self-reliance in defence.

What is Defence Procurement Manual (DPM)?

1. Purpose:

Governs acquisition of goods and services for daily operations, maintenance, and readiness of Defence Services and Ministry of Defence (MoD) establishments.

2. Scope:

Covers revenue procurement (operations & sustenance).

3. Distinct from:

Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP), which handles capital procurements (big-ticket platforms, weapon systems).

Key Highlights of DPM 2025

1. Indigenisation thrust:

Prioritises procurement from Indian firms to achieve Atmanirbharta (self-reliance).

2. Jointness:

Encourages collaborative logistics and sustenance across Army, Navy & Air Force.

3. Streamlining:

Simplifies revenue procurement processes, covering around ₹1 lakh crore in FY 2025–26.

Challenges in Defence Indigenisation

1. Technological gaps

• Dependence on licensed production & tech transfer.
• Weak domestic R&D ecosystem, shortage of skilled manpower.
• Example: Jet engine technology still imported.

2. Industrial constraints

• Dominance of PSUs like HAL, limited role of private sector.
• Sluggish innovation in defence manufacturing.

3. Supply chain vulnerabilities

• Import reliance for critical subsystems/components.
• Export control restrictions by foreign governments.

4. Cost factors

• Indigenisation pushes up short-term procurement costs, burdening Armed Forces’ budgets.

Other Indigenisation Initiatives

1. FDI liberalisation:

Up to 74% under automatic route.

2. Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX), 2018:

Engages startups & MSMEs in defence innovation.

3. Sudarshan Chakra Mission:

End-to-end R&D and manufacturing of defence systems in India.

4. SRIJAN Portal:

Marketplace for Indian industry, including MSMEs, to take up indigenisation of imported items.

Significance of DPM 2025

• Enhances operational readiness by reducing foreign dependence.
• Supports Make in India and Defence Production Policy targets.
• Strengthens defence-industrial base and reduces supply shocks in crises.
• Encourages private participation in non-capital procurements, bridging gaps in logistics & sustenance.

India’s First Bamboo-Based Bio-Ethanol Plant – Golaghat, Assam

Why in News?

The Prime Minister inaugurated India’s first bamboo-based bio-ethanol plant in Golaghat, Assam.

1. Joint venture:

Numaligarh Refinery Limited (NRL), Fortum (Finland), and Chempolis OY.

2. Feedstock:

Bamboo (non-food, high lignocellulose → ideal for 2nd generation biofuels).

About Bio-Ethanol

1. Definition:

Ethanol produced from renewable biological sources (biomass).

2. Nature:

Clear, colourless, biodegradable liquid → burns clean (CO₂ + H₂O).

Sources (as per National Policy on Biofuels, 2018)

1. Sugar-based:

Sugarcane, sugar beet, sweet sorghum.

2. Starch-based:

Corn, cassava, rotten potatoes, agro-food/pulp waste, algae.

3. Cellulosic:

Bagasse, bamboo, wood waste, agri/forestry residues, industrial & vegetable waste.

Applications

1. Transport fuel:

• E100 (pure ethanol)
• E10/E20 blends with petrol (Govt aims for 20% blending by 2025).

2. Industry:

• Chemicals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, bioplastics.

Advantages

• Renewable, biodegradable fuel.
• Reduces GHG emissions and air pollution.
• Supports energy security & import substitution.
• Promotes waste-to-wealth & rural income (farmers supplying feedstock).

Significance of Assam Bamboo Bio-Ethanol Plant

• First of its kind: Uses bamboo, abundant in Northeast India.
• Boosts second-generation biofuel production, reducing reliance on food crops.
• Encourages sustainable rural economy (farmers benefit from bamboo cultivation).
• Aligns with India’s Net Zero 2070 pledge and National Policy on Biofuels (2018, amended 2022).

North East India Emerging as Growth Driver of India: Prime Minister

Why in News

During his address, the Prime Minister emphasized that the North Eastern Region (NER), once perceived as peripheral, is now central to India’s growth story under the Act East vision.

Key Highlights

1. Act East Policy and EAST Formula

• The Northeast serves as India’s strategic gateway to Southeast Asia.
• The EAST approach — Empower, Act, Strengthen, Transform — guides development in connectivity, healthcare, education, and livelihoods.

2. Infrastructure Development

(a) Railways:

• Bairabi–Sairang broad gauge line links Mizoram’s capital Aizawl to the national rail network for the first time.

(b) Highways:

• 16,207 km of National Highways completed as of July 2025.
• Projects include Thenzawl–Sialsuk Road and Chhimtuipui River Bridge.

(c) Digital & Air Connectivity:

• BharatNet expands rural digital reach, connecting Gram Panchayats.
• UDAN scheme strengthens regional air links by operationalizing underserved airports and heliports.

3. Institutional Support and Financial Assistance

• Dedicated Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MDoNER) oversees growth efforts.
• PM-DevINE (Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North East Region) funds infrastructure, connectivity, and communication projects.

4. Governance and Transparency

• Poorvottar Vikas Setu (PVS) Portal ensures quicker project approvals, efficient monitoring, and enhanced transparency.

Challenges Ahead

1. Connectivity Constraints:

Difficult terrain, frequent floods, reliance on the Siliguri Corridor.

2. Security Issues:

Insurgency (ULFA, NSCN), ethnic clashes (e.g., Assam–Mizoram 2021, Manipur 2023), porous borders leading to migration and trafficking.

3. Economic Concerns:

Low industrial base, dependence on subsistence agriculture, high youth outmigration, limited private investment.

4. Socio-Demographic Pressures:

Tribal identity concerns, demographic challenges linked to migration, and issues like NRC in Assam.

Kerala Approves Amendment Bill to Modify Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

Why in News

The Kerala Cabinet has approved an amendment bill to suggest changes to the Wildlife Protection Act (WPA), 1972, aiming to simplify procedures for dealing with wild animals that pose a threat to human life. This marks the first instance of a state proposing direct amendments to the central legislation, against the backdrop of rising human-animal conflicts.

Key Highlights of the Bill

1. Enhanced Powers of Chief Wildlife Warden (CWW):

• CWW empowered to order the killing of wild animals attacking humans in human settlements.
• Currently, CWW can only issue permits for hunting animals under Schedules I–IV of WPA if they are deemed dangerous.

2. State Government’s Authority to Declare Vermin:

• Bill empowers Kerala government to classify any Schedule II animal as vermin.
• Existing law (Section 62 of WPA) restricts this power exclusively to the central government.
• Once listed as vermin (Schedule V), killing of such animals is permitted in designated areas for a limited period.

Current Law vs. Proposed Change

Reasons for Rising Human-Animal Conflict in Kerala

1. Habitat Loss:

Urbanisation, deforestation, and encroachment disrupt wildlife corridors.

2. Resource Competition:

Scarcity of food and water drives animals into human settlements.

3. Climate Change:

Alters migration and breeding patterns, pushing animals into new areas.

4. Poaching & Illegal Trade:

Disturbs ecological balance and displaces species.

India’s Trilateral Engagements: Strengthening Regional Connectivity

Why in News

• The first India–Iran–Uzbekistan trilateral meeting was held in Tehran, focusing on connectivity and trade.
• Parallelly, an India–Iran–Armenia trilateral was also convened to explore regional transport and economic cooperation.

Key Highlights

1. India–Iran–Uzbekistan Trilateral

(a) Focus:

• Promotion of Chabahar Port as Uzbekistan’s trade gateway to India.
• Integration with the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) to expand trade links with Central Asia.

(b) Strategic Importance:

• Provides landlocked Uzbekistan access to sea routes while strengthening India’s outreach to Central Asia.

2. India–Iran–Armenia Trilateral

(a) Focus:

• Effective use of Chabahar Port through Armenian participation.
• Enhancing cooperation on INSTC, linking South Asia with the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Europe.

Strategic Significance

1. Chabahar Port:

Serves as India’s strategic counter to Pakistan’s Gwadar Port and a vital node for connectivity to Central Asia and Eurasia.

2. INSTC Synergy:

Shortens trade routes between India and Europe by bypassing the traditional Suez Canal pathway.

3. Geopolitical Leverage:

Strengthens India’s position in Central Asia and the Caucasus, balancing Chinese and Pakistani influence.

Ho Tribe & Manki–Munda System

Why in News

• The Ho tribe in Jharkhand recently protested against interference in their traditional self-governance system known as the Manki–Munda system.

Manki–Munda System

1. Munda:

• Hereditary village head.
• Resolves socio-political disputes at the village level.

2. Manki:

• Regional head.
• Deals with cases escalated from Mundas of different villages.

3. Functions as a customary tribal self-governance institution, predating modern state systems.

About Ho Tribe

1. Names:

• Ho, Hodoko, Horo, Kolha.

2. Ethnicity:

• Austroasiatic Munda ethnic group.

3. Geographic distribution:

• Jharkhand (Kolhan region) and Odisha (mainly Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar).
• Also found in West Bengal, Bihar, Bangladesh, and Nepal.

4. Cultural aspects:

• Language: Ho language (Munda family, written in Warang Citi script).
• Economy: Traditionally agrarian with shifting cultivation.
• Society: Strong community bonds, clan-based social structure.

5. Legal status:

• Recognised as a Scheduled Tribe (ST).
• ✅ Not classified under Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG).

Indian Navy Inducts Indigenously Built Anti-Submarine Warfare Ship Androth

Why in News

The Indian Navy has commissioned Androth, an indigenously built Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC), strengthening India’s coastal and underwater defence capabilities.

About Androth

1. Class & Series:

• Second ship of the eight ASW SWCs being built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata.

2. Name Origin:

• Derived from Androth Island, part of the Lakshadweep archipelago.

3. Propulsion:

• Equipped with a diesel engine–waterjet combination for high maneuverability in shallow waters.

4. Armament:

• State-of-the-art lightweight torpedoes
• Indigenous anti-submarine warfare rockets

5. Role:

• Designed for anti-submarine operations in coastal waters, protection of offshore installations, and escort duties.

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