9 September 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 9 September 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams. 

 

Recusals by Judges

Recently, a Supreme Court judge recused from a bail case after repeated adjournments without explanation, raising concerns about transparency.

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What is Recusal?

1. Meaning:

• Voluntary withdrawal of a judge from hearing a case due to possible bias or conflict of interest.

2. Principle:

• “Justice must not only be done, but must also be seen to be done.”

3. Purpose:

• Protect judicial independence and impartiality.
• Maintain public confidence in courts.

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Position in Indian Law

• No codified rules for recusals.
• Types of Recusal:
  - Automatic recusal: judge withdraws on own conscience.
  - On plea : party seeks recusal citing bias.
• Standard: “Reasonable likelihood of bias.”
• Process: If a judge recuses → Chief Justice re-allocates case to another bench.

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Key Judicial Pronouncements

• Ranjit Thakur v. Union of India (1987): Even “reasonable apprehension of bias” warrants recusal.
• State of WB v. Shivananda Pathak (1998): Bias destroys fairness; justice becomes meaningless.
• SC Advocates-on-Record Assn. v. UoI (2015): Where pecuniary interest exists, no further proof of bias needed.

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Global Practices

• United States: Title 28, U.S. Code lists grounds: financial/corporate interest, prior role as witness/lawyer, relation to party.
• United Kingdom: R v. Gough: Adopted the “real danger” test → recusal only with substantive evidence of bias.

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Issues in India

• No formal rules → judges can recuse without reasons.
• Misuse risk → parties may pressure judges to get a “favourable bench.”
• Delays → sudden recusals waste judicial time.
• Public distrust → lack of transparency fuels suspicion of bias/external pressure.

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Recommendations

• Codify rules on recusals through law/guidelines.
• Reasons must be recorded (even brief) for transparency.
• Uniform standards → financial conflict, family ties, political links, prior professional role.
• Balanced approach → framed by committee of judges + lawyers.

 

Exemptions for Mineral Exploration Drilling on Forest Land

Overview

• The Forest Advisory Committee (FAC) of the Union Environment Ministry has approved expanded exemptions for mineral exploration drilling in forests.
• Push driven by Ministry of Coal and Ministry of Mines → large share of mineral reserves lie within forested regions.

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Background

• Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (FCA): Traditionally required central clearance for non-forest activity on forest land.
• 2023 Amendment: Allowed exemptions for exploratory drilling in forests.
• Latest Decision (2025): Further expands these exemptions to accelerate exploration of coal & critical minerals.

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Key Policy Decisions

1. Borehole Limit:

• New: 62–80 boreholes / 10 sq km (diameter: up to 6 inches).
• Old: 25 boreholes / 10 sq km + 80 shot holes + felling up to 100 trees exempted.

2. Exemption Nature:

• Treated as “forest activity,” bypassing full FCA clearance.

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Environmental Safeguards

1. Time-bound:

• Drilling only between 9 a.m.–5:30 p.m. (to avoid peak wildlife activity).

2. Site Restoration:

• Boreholes must be cement-plugged post-use.

3. Exclusion Zones:

No drilling in:

• Wildlife breeding/nesting habitats
• Riparian ecosystems & water sources
• Endangered/endemic species zones
• High-biodiversity patches
• Culturally/religiously significant sites

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Objectives & Need

• Critical minerals security: Rare earths, lithium, cobalt, nickel → essential for green energy & defence.
• Ease of Doing Business: Avoids repeated central approvals for temporary exploration.
• Private sector participation: Attracts investment in mining exploration.
• Economic push: Minerals feed infrastructure, defence, renewable energy, electronics.

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Concerns

1. Ecological impacts:

• Noise/vibration disturb wildlife movement.
• Oil/grease leaks contaminate forest streams.

2. Inadequate compensation:

• Tree loss ≠ biodiversity/cultural value.

3. Forest Rights Act (2006):

• Risk of bypassing consent of forest dwellers if exploration treated as “forest activity.”

4. Dilution of FCA scrutiny:

• Mineral exploration reclassified → weakens regulatory oversight.

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Way Forward

1. Strict Enforcement:

• Ensure cement-plugging & site restoration post-drilling.

2. Independent Monitoring:

• Use satellites, remote sensing, third-party audits.

3. Tech-driven Exploration:

• Drones, geophysical imaging, ground-penetrating radar → reduce need for drilling.

4. Strengthen Safeguards:

• Identify no-go ecologically sensitive zones (biodiversity hotspots, sacred groves).

5. Improve Compensatory Mechanisms:

• Use native species in afforestation.
• Value ecosystem services, not just tree count.
• Ensure long-term ecological monitoring.

 

Scheme to Promote Critical Mineral Recycling in India

Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister, has approved a ₹1,500 crore Incentive Scheme to develop domestic recycling capacity for recovering critical minerals from secondary sources. The move aligns with the objectives of the National Critical Minerals Mission (NCMM) and addresses India’s growing dependence on imports.

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What are Critical Minerals?

• Definition: Minerals essential for economic growth, clean energy transition, and national security.
• Vulnerability: Limited global availability and geographic concentration pose supply chain risks.

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India’s Critical Mineral List (30 Identified)

• Energy Transition & Electronics: Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel, Rare Earth Elements (REE), Graphite, Gallium, Indium, Selenium, Vanadium.
• Defense & Aerospace: Titanium, Tungsten, Beryllium, Tantalum, Hafnium.
• Fertilizers: Phosphorus, Potash.
• Other Key Minerals: Antimony, Bismuth, Molybdenum, Niobium, Strontium, Zirconium, Rhenium, Germanium, Copper, Tin, Tellurium, Silicon, Cadmium.

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Applications of Critical Minerals

1. Green Energy:

• Lithium, Nickel, Cobalt → EV batteries.
• Vanadium, Selenium, Cadmium → Solar panels, energy storage.
• REEs → Wind turbine magnets.

2. Advanced Manufacturing:

• Tungsten, Titanium → Defense, aerospace, and high-tech alloys.
• PGMs (Platinum Group Metals) → Medical devices, catalysts, cancer therapies.

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Features of the Recycling Incentive Scheme

1. Tenure:

• FY 2025–26 to FY 2030–31 (6 years).

2. Feedstock Sources:

• E-waste.
• Lithium-ion battery (LIB) scrap.
• Catalytic converters and other industrial scrap.

3. Eligibility:

• Both large established recyclers and small/new recyclers (incl. start-ups).

4. Financial Support:

• Capex Subsidy: 20% on plant & machinery (with higher benefits for early production).
• Opex Subsidy: Linked to incremental sales; 40% released in Year 2, 60% in Year 5.

5. Ceilings:

• Large recyclers: ₹50 crore cap (₹10 crore Opex).
• Small/new recyclers: ₹25 crore cap (₹5 crore Opex).

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Need for the Scheme

1. Rising Waste Volumes:

• PV module waste: 100 kt (2023) → 340 kt (2030).
• EV batteries: ~500 kt expected soon.

2. Resource Scarcity:

• Growing demand for copper, indium, manganese, and zinc.

3. Chinese Dominance:

• Controls 60–70% production and 85–90% refining of global rare earths.

4. Domestic Constraints:

• Limited refining technology, ecological hurdles, regulatory delays.

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Challenges

• Technological Gaps: Lack of advanced recycling expertise in REEs and LIBs.
• Environmental Risks: Handling toxic by-products without causing secondary pollution.
• Regulatory Bottlenecks: Slow approvals, fragmented recycling rules.
• Infrastructure Deficit: Few specialized units; weak e-waste collection systems.

 

Underutilized Renewable Energy Potential in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) Region

A recent report by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), released at the Asia-Pacific Clean Energy Week in Bangkok, highlights the enormous but underexploited renewable energy potential of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region, which spans eight countries in South and East Asia.

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The Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) Region

• Geographical Spread: Extends 3,500 km across Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan.
• Hydrological Significance: Source of 10 major Asian river systems, including the Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Mekong, Yangtze, and Yellow River.
• Population Dependence: Provides water, ecosystem services, and livelihoods to ~240 million people directly, and sustains nearly 1.9 billion people indirectly downstream.

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Key Findings of the ICIMOD Report

1. Current Renewable Energy Share:

• Clean energy’s contribution to Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES): only 6.1% across HKH countries.
• Heavy dependence on fossil fuels in Bangladesh (98%), India (77%), Pakistan (76%), China (67%), and Myanmar (51%).
• Exception: Bhutan & Nepal generate nearly 100% electricity from renewables.

2. Hydropower Potential:

• Total Hydropower Potential: 882 GW.
• Exploited so far: Only 49%.
• Trans-boundary rivers contribution: 635 GW of potential.

3. Non-Hydro Renewables:

• Solar & Wind potential: ~3 Terawatts (TW).
• Regional targets: Only 1.7 TW, reflecting a large untapped gap.

4. Traditional Biofuels:

a. Rural dependence remains high:

• Nepal: two-thirds of TPES.
• Myanmar: half of TPES.
• Bhutan & Pakistan: ~one-fourth of TPES.

b. These contribute to indoor air pollution and public health challenges.

5. Climate Change Risks:

a. Hydropower faces vulnerabilities due to:

• Glacial melt, changing streamflows, and extreme weather events.
• Two-thirds of projects are at risk from Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) and related hazards.

b. Need: Integrating disaster risk reduction into hydropower project planning.

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Barriers to Renewable Energy Growth

• Financial: High capital costs, limited public funding, low private investment.
• Institutional: Weak or outdated regulatory frameworks, insufficient R&D.
• Technical: Lack of expertise, limited infrastructure, land constraints.

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Suggestions from the Report

1. Regional Cooperation:

• Move beyond trade; focus on infrastructure sharing, technology transfer, and financing mechanisms.

2. Platforms for Collaboration:

• Utilize SAARC Energy Centre and Bay of Bengal Initiative (BIMSTEC) for coordinated action.

3. Role of India & China:

• Leverage scale and competitive edge in clean technologies.
• Promote green economic growth, poverty reduction, and emission cuts.

4. Inclusive Growth:

• Balance energy expansion with equity, resilience, and social-environmental safeguards for local communities.

 

Floods in Punjab

Why in News?

Punjab is experiencing its worst floods in decades, with:

• 1,902 villages submerged,
• 3.8 lakh people affected,
• 11.7 lakh hectares of farmland destroyed.
  Across the border, Punjab province in Pakistan has also witnessed parallel devastation.

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Understanding Floods in India

1. NDMA Definition:

• A recurrent disaster caused by heavy rainfall, overflowing rivers, and poor drainage.

2. Global View (WMO):

• Floods are among the deadliest natural hazards, worsened by climate change, land use change, and population pressure.

3. India’s Flood Profile:

• Flood-prone area: >40 million hectares.
• Annually affected: ~75 lakh hectares.
• Frequency: More than once every 5 years.
• Causes: Monsoon rains, cyclones, cloudbursts, and dam releases.

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Causes of Punjab Floods

1. Geography & Rivers:

• Rivers: Ravi, Beas, Sutlej (perennial) & Ghaggar (seasonal).
• Heavy rainfall in Himachal Pradesh & J&K flows downstream into Punjab.
• Dhussi Bundhs (earthen embankments) often fail under pressure.

2. Dam Management:

• Bhakra (Sutlej), Pong (Beas): managed by BBMB.
• Thein (Ranjit Sagar) Dam (Ravi): managed by Punjab.
• Problem: Sudden releases during extreme rainfall → downstream flooding.

3. Human Factors:

• Poor coordination between dam and barrage authorities.
• Sudden water releases instead of phased discharges.
• Weak bundhs, damaged by illegal sand mining.
• Example: Madhopur Barrage breach post-Thein Dam release.

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Impacts of Floods

1. Human Impact:

• Loss of Life: ~1,600 annually (11,000+ in 1977).
• Displacement & Homelessness.
• Spread of waterborne & vector-borne diseases.

2. Agricultural Impact:

• Crop loss: 75 lakh hectares annually.
• Livestock deaths & fodder shortages.
• Food insecurity → inflation & scarcity.

3. Infrastructure Loss:

• Damage to roads, bridges, power supply.
• Urban floods in Delhi, Amritsar, Faridabad → waterlogging & traffic collapse.

4. Environmental Consequences:

• Riverbank erosion & landscape alteration.
• Sediment accumulation → reduced river capacity.
• Wetland & biodiversity loss.

5. Social & Psychological Effects:

• Trauma, stress, and long-term mental health challenges.
• Community breakdown due to displacement and livelihood loss.

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Flood Management Efforts in India

1. Legal & Policy Framework:

• Environment Protection Act, 1986: regulates floodplain activity.
• Water Act, 1974: drainage & water quality.
• Forest Act, 1980: protects catchments.

2. Committees & Policies:

• High-Level Committee on Floods (1957): structural & non-structural measures.
• Rashtriya Barh Aayog (1980): emphasized deforestation & poor planning as drivers.
• R. Rangachari Committee: reviewed flood control progress.
• National Water Policy (1987, 2002, 2012): integrated water management, efficiency, equity.

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Disaster Management Guidelines

1. NDMA Flood Guidelines:

• Structural: embankments, reservoirs, drainage improvements.
• Non-structural: flood zoning, forecasting, insurance.
• Dam safety & reservoir regulation.

2. Flood Forecasting & Early Warning Systems:

• Managed by CWC & IMD.
• Use of predictive models, satellite data, real-time sensors.

3. Urban Flood Risk Management Program (UFRMP), 2021:

• ₹2,500 crore for 7 cities, expanded to 11 cities.
• Drainage upgrades, wetland restoration, GIS mapping, community awareness.

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Way Forward

1. Strengthen Floodplain Zoning Laws:

• Enforce zoning restrictions to prevent encroachments.
• Incentivize compliance through legal backing.

2. Nature-Based Solutions:

• Wetland restoration, watershed management.
• Adopt global best practices like Netherlands’ “Room for the River”.

3. Modernize Forecasting & Early Warning:

• AI & satellite-based systems for real-time alerts.
• Improve state-centre-local coordination.

4. Desilting & River Capacity Enhancement:

• Regular desilting of rivers, treatment of catchment areas.
• Revise reservoir operation protocols.

5. Community-Centric Preparedness:

• Training, awareness drives, and school education.
• Local participation in disaster management.

 

Foreign Vendors Flag Quality Gaps in India’s Nuclear Supply Chain

Why in News?

The Government of India is working on two major legal amendments to encourage greater participation of private and foreign players in the civil nuclear sector. However, foreign equipment vendors have expressed concerns about quality deficiencies among India’s mid- and lower-tier suppliers, raising issues of standardization, training, and cybersecurity.

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Concerns Raised by Foreign Vendors

1. Supplier Quality Gaps:

• Weaknesses observed in the second- and third-tier suppliers that provide components to Tier-1 firms such as L&T, Bharat Forge, Godrej & Boyce, and Walchandnagar Industries.

2. Need for Standardization:

• Absence of uniform quality protocols across the nuclear supply chain.
• Demand for a national-level training programme to ensure preparedness for advanced technologies like Light Water Reactors (LWRs) and Small Modular Reactors (SMRs).

3. Cybersecurity Risks:

• Threat of data theft, operational disruptions, and ransomware-type scenarios in the absence of robust digital safeguards.

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India’s Nuclear Infrastructure

1. Operational Strength:

• 22 reactors currently functional, all operated by Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL).
• India has maintained a strong safety record with no radiological accidents across 238 reactor-years.

2. Technology Gap:

• Domestic expertise lies mainly in Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs), while globally prevalent technology is LWRs.

3. Pending International Projects:

• Jaitapur Nuclear Plant (France) stalled since 2009 due to liability issues.
• Kovvada Project (Andhra Pradesh) yet to progress.
• Only Russia (Kudankulam plant) is actively engaged, under pre-CLNDA agreements.

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Reforms Underway

1. Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (2010) Amendments:

Proposals include:

• Capping vendor liability to the original contract value.
• Introducing a statute of limitations on liability duration.

2. Atomic Energy Act, 1962 Amendments:

• Objective: Allow minority private and foreign equity participation in nuclear generation projects, which is currently restricted to state entities like NPCIL and NTPC.

3. Push for Small Modular Reactors (SMRs):

• BARC developing SMRs to replace retiring coal plants and serve remote regions.
• ₹20,000 crore allocated for at least five operational indigenous SMRs by 2033 under the Nuclear Energy Mission for Viksit Bharat.
• Introduction of Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs) for industrial applications (steel, aluminium).

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Rationale for Private Participation

1. Capacity Expansion:

• Target of 100 GW nuclear capacity by 2047.

2. Energy Security:

• Rising electricity demand projected to grow 4–5 times by 2047.

3. Climate Goals:

• Reduce emission intensity of GDP by 44% by 2030 (2005 baseline).
• Ensure 50% installed capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030.

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Global Models for Quality Assurance

1. Japan (1970s–1980s):

• Declared nuclear energy a strategic priority (1973).
• Adopted IAEA’s Quality Assurance Code (1978).
• Embedded quality control into national industrial culture.

2. China (2000s onwards):

• Established National Nuclear Safety Administration (NNSA).
• Implemented national quality assurance aligned with global standards.
• Standardised supplier processes, enabling rapid nuclear sector growth.

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Way Forward for India

• National Training Programme: For equipment suppliers, particularly mid- and lower-tier vendors.
• Regulatory Strengthening: Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) must enforce strict quality standards.
• Professional Cadre: Build skilled workforce in inspection, certification, and quality assurance.
• Vendor Development: Expand manufacturing base through PPP models and technology partnerships.
• Cybersecurity Framework: Integrate robust digital safety protocols across the supply chain.

 

Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap (TPCR-2025)

Why in News?

The Ministry of Defence has released the Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap (TPCR-2025), providing a long-term vision for strengthening India’s defence preparedness over the next 15 years.

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Key Features of TPCR-2025

1. Strengthening Nuclear Deterrence:

• Survivability Systems: Focus on ensuring credible second-strike capability.
• Delivery Platforms: Development of advanced missile systems and supporting command-and-control infrastructure.
• CBRN Preparedness: Deployment of reconnaissance vehicles for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear threats.

2. Drone and Autonomous Systems:

a. Stealth Drones:

• Capabilities planned for up to 1,500 km range and 60,000 ft altitude.
• Roles: electronic warfare, long-range detection, and artillery fire guidance.

b. Counter-Drone Measures:

• Adaptive jamming systems.
• Electronic denial zones extending up to 15 km radius.

c. Loitering Munitions:

• Equipped with AI-enabled targeting.
• Designed with reusable warheads for cost efficiency.

3. Integrated Warfare Capabilities:

• Surveillance Drones: Networked with ground and aerial assets for real-time intelligence.
• Electronic Warfare Systems: Designed to neutralize drone swarms and adversarial unmanned platforms.

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Significance

• Positions India to counter evolving asymmetric threats such as drone warfare.
• Ensures long-term nuclear deterrence credibility amid changing global security dynamics.
• Promotes indigenisation of cutting-edge technologies in defence manufacturing.
• Strengthens India’s preparedness for multi-domain operations in future conflicts.

 

Renaming of US Department of Defense (DoD)

US President Donald Trump signed an executive order to rename the Department of Defense (DoD) back to its historical title — the Department of War.

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Historical Background

• Department of War (1789): Originally established to oversee the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps.
• Later, the Navy and Marine Corps were placed under separate departments.
• World War II inefficiencies highlighted fragmented military operations.
• In 1947, President Harry Truman created the National Military Establishment (NME) to unify the branches.
• Due to the negative connotation of "NME," it was renamed the Department of Defense (DoD) in 1949.

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Rationale Behind Trump’s Decision

• Assertive Identity: Trump emphasized a return to a more war-centric terminology, highlighting military strength.
• Historical Reference: Evokes imagery of America’s wartime successes.
• Strategic Messaging: Reflects an attempt to reshape the military’s global image around war-fighting rather than defense-oriented posturing.

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Implications of the Renaming

1. Domestic Perception:

• May reinforce Trump’s appeal among constituencies favoring hard power projection.
• Could polarize public opinion, as "War Department" may signal aggression rather than defense.

2. International Relations:

• Risk of reinforcing perceptions of American militarism.
• Could complicate US diplomacy, especially in alliances focused on collective security and peacekeeping.

3. Strategic Signaling:

• May be read by adversaries as a shift toward a more offensive military posture.
• Impacts US messaging in contexts like NATO, Indo-Pacific alliances, UN peace operations.

 

Z-Plus Security Cover for Vice-President

The Union Government is considering transferring the Z-plus security cover of the Vice-President (V-P) from the Delhi Police Security Division to the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF).

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Constitutional & Legal Basis

• As per the “Blue Book” guidelines issued by the Union Home Ministry under the Special Protection Group (SPG) Act, 1988, the President, Vice-President, and Prime Minister are entitled to specific security protocols.
• The Vice-President currently receives Z-plus category security by the Delhi Police Security Division.

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Features of Z-plus Security for the Vice-President

• Around 50 personnel, working in shifts.
• Enhanced arrangements at residence and cavalcade movement.
• Three Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)-rank officers serve as Personal Security Officers (PSOs).

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Security Categories in India

1. X Security:

• Basic, with 2 personnel.

2. Y Security:

• ~11 personnel (police + commandos).

3. Y+ Security:

• Higher manpower, for MPs/MLAs or public figures with moderate threats.

4. Z Security:

• ~22 personnel (NSG/CRPF + local police).
• For Union Ministers, Governors, CMs, and high-risk individuals.

5. Z+ Security:

Highest security after SPG.

• Includes PSOs, residence security, escort vehicles, surveillance, and access control.
• Provided to Vice-President, Union Home Minister, Chief Justice of India, and others under grave threat.

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Special Protection Group (SPG)

• Established under the SPG Act, 1988.
• Exclusively protects the Prime Minister and immediate family members residing with them.
• 2019 amendment restricted SPG only to the sitting PM and immediate family.

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Significance of Proposed Shift to CRPF

• Uniformity: Most Z+ security in India is already handled by CRPF’s VIP Security Wing, ensuring standardized training and coordination.
• Efficiency: Frees the Delhi Police to focus on law and order in the capital.
• Specialisation: CRPF personnel are trained in VIP protection drills, convoy management, and anti-terror response.

 

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